The ‘Indic Religions’ are early forms of what we now know
as Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. Their development, even with an
arbitrary end-date of 1200 CE,1 is a large topic, the growth of one
of their central and most characteristic features, the group of traditions of
mental and physical cultivation that developed into what we now know as
‘yoga’, ‘Tantra’, and ‘meditation’. The indigenous terms vary, and do not
correspond neatly to modern Western uses of these terms, but practices
involving mental and physical cultivation, mostly directed towards the
achievement of some kind of liberating insight,2 are found in all the major
religions originating in the Indian sub-continent.
The early growth of Buddhism, Jainism and the renunciate traditions
within Brahmanical religion, roughly from the fourth to second centuries
BCE . The first of these periods corresponds, as far as we can
tell, to the initial development of yogic and meditational techniques; the
second period covers the growth of Tantric practices and the relationship
between yoga and Tantra.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, these practices were scarcely
known outside of South Asia and the Buddhist societies of Southeast and
East Asia, a few specialist scholars and esoteric practitioners aside. By the
beginning of the twenty-first century, millions, if not tens of millions, of people around the world were practisingHindu yoga, Buddhist meditation
and related traditions, and ideas, concepts and practices deriving from yogic
and Tantric contexts had become a familiar part of global society .
as Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. Their development, even with an
arbitrary end-date of 1200 CE,1 is a large topic, the growth of one
of their central and most characteristic features, the group of traditions of
mental and physical cultivation that developed into what we now know as
‘yoga’, ‘Tantra’, and ‘meditation’. The indigenous terms vary, and do not
correspond neatly to modern Western uses of these terms, but practices
involving mental and physical cultivation, mostly directed towards the
achievement of some kind of liberating insight,2 are found in all the major
religions originating in the Indian sub-continent.
The early growth of Buddhism, Jainism and the renunciate traditions
within Brahmanical religion, roughly from the fourth to second centuries
BCE . The first of these periods corresponds, as far as we can
tell, to the initial development of yogic and meditational techniques; the
second period covers the growth of Tantric practices and the relationship
between yoga and Tantra.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, these practices were scarcely
known outside of South Asia and the Buddhist societies of Southeast and
East Asia, a few specialist scholars and esoteric practitioners aside. By the
beginning of the twenty-first century, millions, if not tens of millions, of people around the world were practisingHindu yoga, Buddhist meditation
and related traditions, and ideas, concepts and practices deriving from yogic
and Tantric contexts had become a familiar part of global society .


